Why international students find it hard to make friendship

Harry Potter

Harry Potter Harry Potter And the Philosopher's Stone (Short summary) Harry had lived with his uncle Vernon and his aunt Petunia since he was a baby and they always told him that his parents were killed in a car accident. He didn't have a very comfortable life because he had to sleep in a cupboard under the staircase and wasn't very well treated either. Dudley, his spoiled cousin, hit him whenever he wanted to and the Dudleys didn't care about him at all. Harry had a strange scar on his forehead in the shape of a lightning and he never knew were it came from.One morning in July Harry got a letter and before he could read it his uncle took it away. The next morning a whole bunch of letters arrived and his uncle took them. For the next seven days an increasing flood of letters were sent to Harry and the family even had to pack their things and go on a trip to get away from the letters.The Weasley family as shown in Harry Potter and th...

Nietzsche and Mill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nietzsche and Mill - Research Paper Example On one hand, the position adopted by Nietzsche through the famous dichotomies defining the genesis of good, bad and evil formulate the essence of morality from the basics. Apparently, it would be difficult to discuss that whose origin or genesis cannot support its existence. On the other hand, the opinion of John Stuart Mill concerning morality raises the higher bar of morality through definition of virtue and its importance in life, for instance in religion (Smith 27). Despite the fact that the approaches taken by the two philosophers distinguish their philosophical orientation through different concepts on the central theme, two concepts remain throughout their debate as demonstrated in this discourse. Both philosophers independently made astounding interpretations to morality, almost certainly taking a similar opinion on several elements than conflicting opinion. The centrality of morality in the work by Nietzsche and Mill illustrates the diversity of definition of the underlying interpretations such as through genealogy of morals, utilitarianism, egoism, righteousness and consequentialism. Tracing the origin of the general meaning of good and bad from class differentiation between the powerful and the weak eventually leading to a systemic unquestionable belief of correct and wrong judgments presents Nietzsche’s opinion in a sharp reflection on morality. The First Essay depicts Nietzsche as a simplistic morality thinker in the way he relates the topic with the human society. Perhaps getting the basics rights in the definition of what morality entails gives Nietzsche the edge in laying the foundations of the debate. Morality interpretation of good through attaching benefit to the recipient of actions of others illustrates the perspective taken by Nietzsche, though he makes the observation to the effect that the terminology ‘good’ came later. Such an

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery Research Paper

Jacobs and Douglass' Narratives Regarding the True Escape from Slavery - Research Paper Example \Writers such as Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass provide examples of the dehumanizing elements of slavery, hinted when Jacobs comments â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men, but is more terrible for women†, while also providing clues as to how slavery might be escaped through education as in Douglass’ statement, â€Å"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall now see how a slave was made a man.† These examples and clues can be found in Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Both books bring into sharp relief the miserable conditions of a slave’s life and the ways in which it dehumanized the black people. Douglass sadly informs the reader that he is uncertain of his age or the day he was born and, although his mother died when he was seven years old, he was relatively unaffected by the news as he had been separated from her since infancy. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Douglass Ch. 1). By the time Douglass was seven, he had learned of the death of his mother, watched his aunt brutally whipped and had taken his own place at work in the fields. He describes the life of the slave, illustrating its bestial level of survival existence and the types of behaviors they were expected to exhibit when they were in the presence of their mas ters. Jacobs also focuses on the brutality of slavery in her description of early life as a slave girl actively pursued by a lascivious slave owner. The only way she can avoid becoming her master’s black mistress at the age of 15 is to give herself up to another white man of her own choosing. â€Å"I shed bitter tears that I was no longer worthy of being respected by the good and pure

Arch of Constantine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arch of Constantine - Essay Example ch of Constantine is a beautiful example of a monument which has a tremendous history as well as a magnificent art in terms of sculptures and styles which decorate it. The Arch was created to commemorate the victory of Constantine over Maxentius at the battle of Milvian. The era when it was created places it in the Ancient Roman Corinthian style of art and as per the characteristics of the art of the era, the imagery used and the characters shown on the building are quite detailed (Strong, 1963). Strong (1963) also suggests that the detail level in such works of art is quite high and even though many centuries have taken their toll on the Arch, it is not difficult to imagine how it would look when it was first completed and shown to the public. Of particular interest are the sculptures and the messages which are placed on the arch itself. Dimensionally, the arch is about 20 meters in height and is roughly 25 meters in width. The distance covered by the arch is seven meters. There are three archways of which the middle one is the main archway with a height of 12 meters. The side arches are seven meters and are relatively smaller in width as well as height (Storage and Maish, 2007). It must be noted that as a work of art, the arch has certainly changed over time as things have been added, removed and renovated through history. For example, while there were eight yellow colored fluted Corinthian columns of Numidean marble originally, only seven of those remain today. The eighth original column was taken by Pope Clement VIII in 1597 and that is now in present day Laterano. This is certainly an irony in art since all the original columns are supposed to have been taken from a building of the Flavian era when the arch was first build (Storage and Maish, 2007). This can be seen as a case of vandalism conducted on a monument which was the result of vandalism conducted on other buildings. Therefore, instead of being a pure reflection of the building arts of the era,

Analysis of Global Automobile Market

Analysis of Global Automobile Market EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the report is to assess the recent strategies employed by global automobile organisations between 2007 and 2010 based on secondary data and published press. Organisations thereafter refer to global automobile organisations. This report explores the process of reconciling dichotomies at Honda Motors Corporations (HMC) in terms of its strategies and core competences. Several theoretical frameworks were derived from related literature as a guide to analyse and integrate relevant elements from business level and corporate level strategies application. The roles on mergers and acquisitions (MA) applied in the global automobile industry are then discussed. This section is structured as follows: part 1 reveals MA in relation to too much debts and risk of bankruptcy; part 2 describes MA as a strategy to explore potential for product synergy and part 3 illustrates MA as means to access to new technologies and emerging markets. This report examines the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices initiated by the organisations and its impact on the financial and non-financial performance. The report ends at discussion the Western and Japanese leadership used by the global automobile organisations and their suitability. INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY The automobile industry can be divided into three categories: auto parts vendors, automobile manufacturers and dealers. The global automobile market has been long dominated by Western manufacturers such as General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen in 1955 followed by eastern automobiles manufacturers Toyota, Honda and Nissan since 2005. In 2009, Toyota was the worlds leading car manufacturer with approximately 15.3 percent market share, Volkswagen 13.1 percent and Ford approximately 6.9 percent market share (Datamonitor 2009). Recently automobile manufacturers in developing countries such as Hyundai, Tata and Geely have increasingly become vital players in the automobile market, Hyundai is now one of the significant players in the United States market (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010) whereby Tata and Geely have begun to take aim at developed country automobile markets and intend to compete in the global automobile market (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010). The 2008 global financial downturn had negatively impacted the automobile industry into crisis thus many organisations were encountered losses and bankruptcy. Nevertheless, there were four outstanding organisations recorded remarkable profit during this turbulent period: Volkswagen, Honda, Hyundai and BMW (Appendix 1). Forecasts predict that the global car industry will be worth $1,611 billion by 2014 with the volume of 66.2 million units (Datamonitor, 2009). HONDA STRATEGY AND MANAGERIAL DICHOTOMIES HMC established in 1948. Honda develops, manufactures and markets small general purpose engines and scooters to specialty sports cars, had earn an outstanding reputation from customers worldwide. Honda has grown to become the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer and one of the leading automobile manufacturers. There are seven business units in HMC (Figure 1). Figure 1 Honda SBU.jpg Honda business level strategy versus corporate level strategy in global context Business level strategy refers to the way HMC competes in an industry which it is located. Porter generic strategies framework had been employed to examine each Honda strategic business units (SBU) (Figure 2). Figure 2 Porter generic.jpg Honda sets out cost leadership strategy to produce an urban car with fuel efficient feature, Honda City, a successful model had reflected Hondas innovative and quick response to market demand on inexpensive and fuel efficient (Nonaka 2007). Honda enjoys the cost advantage to produce and market its Hero Honda motorcycle in India by preference to access to raw materials and efficiency of production capability (Ramarao 2009). Honda continuous seeks for cost reductions to competitive position. Differentiation involves offering a unique product with special characteristic however the selling price may not be low (Fitzroy and Hulbert 2005) Honda created Acura series to isolated its common automobile ranges. Acura is a higher range to compete with luxury category, i.e. Toyota Lexus. Honda Acura differentiates itself from product features and engine performance. Honda produces a series of scooter range from 50cc to 125cc to meets different demands for different markets (HMC 2009). Honda launched specialty engines GX160, GX200 and GX390 for better handling and durability suitable for long tail boats which are common water transportation in Asia (HMC 2009). Honda Insight, a hybrid vehicle that incorporated a compact and lightweight hybrid system to offer fuel economy while maintain the pleasure of driving (HMC 2009). Besides differentiation strategies, Honda performs well in its private jets, ATVs, watercrafts, outboard motors and jets. Honda differentiates focus on dual clutch transmission and water cooled engines in its FourTrax Rancher ATVs (HMC 2009). Honda started Hondajet since 2006, the private jet featured by HF120 compact turbofan engine for low emission where the first delivery is expected in 2011 (HMC 2009). Corporate strategy is the future organisations directions against resources possessed by the organisation (Lynch 2000). Corporate strategy links organisations internal resources and the social economic environment that it operates (Lynch 2000). HMCs sense of purpose is to striving to be a company society wants to exist (HMC 2009). In view of intense competition (threats) and strong demand (opportunities) from HMC operating environment (Figure 3), HMC had implemented some value added corporate strategies. Figure 3 Corporate strategy.jpg Product diversification concerns an expansion of product range that Honda supplies. Honda extended its product range from light truck to compact sedan cars. In North America, HMC introduces Pilot, Acura TSX and Acura TL to meet the different market requirements (HMC 2009). HMC broaden its range to launched Honda City in Asia outside Japan as the trend towards driving smaller cars accelerated along with the increase in fuel prices (HMC 2009). Vertical integration is an expansion of range of business related activities that HMC encompasses (Fitzroy and Hulbert 2005). Honda opens up financial services division to lease their automobiles and services centres for pre and after sales services to strengthen its branding position as one stop vehicle provider. Geographical diversification is an expansion to wider geographical areas mainly to create additional market share or obtaining competitive advantages. HMC has a global network of 396 subsidiaries and 105 affiliates in more than five regions and 160 countries recorded 3.5 million units automobiles sales in 2009 (HMC 2009). HMC established its manufacturing plants in various countries to support domestic demand rather than manufacture in Japan and export, this will help in shorten the delivery lead time and incentive in domestic assembly. Successful organisations must outgrow their initial scope of products and geographical areas (Fitzroy and Hulbert 2005). Horizontal integration refers a diversification into different industries. Besides automobile, HMC broadens its business into different industries i.e. aviation business, solar cell business and household cogeneration units (HMC 2009). Honda product-related core competencies versus process-related core capabilities In practice, HMCs capability is as the main drivers for its shareholder values. Honda started with motorcycle business had move on to engine business and the most successful automobiles consists of 77 percent of its revenue. HMCs success underlying its core competence in engines design allows HMC to develop more products i.e. lawn mowers, motorcycles, automobiles and private jets (McGee and Thomas 2007). Substantial increase in fuel price, new customer preferences and spending patterns are a significant momentum to the pricing model and value proposition changes whereby consumers emphasize on good price for reasonable quality (Giesen et. al. 2010). As part of corporate strategy, Honda enhances its Research and Development (RD) particularly in safety technologies to help reduction on the risk of injuries to passengers and pedestrians from car accidents and fuel efficient cars, i.e. Honda Freed and Honda City. Honda recognises the rational to develop non-pollutions product in the first place than to clean up later. The electric car demonstrates a technological solution for the air pollution caused by automobile emission (Bernabo et. al. 2009). However, due to the charging centre constraints and maturity of the power supply capacity for longer journey, HMC focuses on its hybrid car Insight to meet the demand. Lean management focuses on eliminating waste (non-value adding activities) throughout HMC production systems (Chen et. al. 2010). By selective sharing of design development, HMC can focus resources and competencies on a limited set of innovative ideas and reduce their direct costs for innovating many of the components in their products (Chen et. al. 2010). A safety-induced crisis causes obvious problems for a brand like Honda which pride itself on reliability and the promise to deliver the power of dream(Banks 2010). HMC need both vendors and dealers to complete the complicated fabrication processes and reaches end consumers. In contrast to many competitors, HMC realises the importance of turning vendors into partners, loop the vendors into product design and development to shorten both new product lead time and reduce overall cost concerning the inventory holding (Nguyen and Slater 2010). The vendor development programmes include joint improvement, information sharing an updates, offer assistance to lift up vendors technical capabilities (Nguyen and Slater 2010). i.e. HMC make use of its vendor network to expand low price components accessibility in Vietnam had considerable reduce HMC production cost thus selling price (Oh and Rhee 2010). HMC factory networks operate the same way so each is able to make any vehicle in the product range according to market demand. This gives the company tremendous flexibility, efficient logistics to enhanced its manufacturing (Economist 2003). HMC installed special data systems in each of its factories to monitor weather forecasts to allows manager to predict bad weather which may affect deliveries so they can decide the stock up level to prevent material shortage (Economist 2003). To enhance the dealers ability, HMC trains and develops its dealer networks with operating procedures and policies in setting up the showroom, merchandising and service management (Oh and Rhee 2010). Honda Vietnam strict controls over vendors to ensure stable and good quality supply (Oh and Rhee 2010). Conclusion The analysis shows the density of HMC in managing its global organisation. Business strategies and corporate strategies are in different dimension but intimately link to each other, HMC needs to understand the external context of business when develop business and corporate strategies. HMC strengthen its production efficiency, flexibility and sales capabilities in various business units to meet the demand for cost effective products at the same time improve its corporate structure towards more flexible and dynamic to meet customers demand, business environment a society as a whole. There is no single best strategy applied for all products, Honda had demonstrated adequate thinking in developing suitable strategies for its products in different geographical areas. THE ROLE OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Mergers and acquisitions act as a strategic tool to obtain wider market share and create synergies-improvements in competitiveness, customer value or product innovation that can be achieved by integrating two entities (Gadiesh et. al. 2001, Thompson et. al. 2005). The global automobile business faces severe challenges with reduction in sales and intense competition and opportunities in emerging markets, such as China and India. Network-level strategies is useful in turbulent and growth markets yet an organisation had limitations access or unable to pursue that competition by on its own (Cools and Roos 2005). Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix was used to analyse global automobile organisations positions (Figure 4). Figure 4 BCG.jpg MA in relation to too much debts and risk of bankruptcy One of the most important factors in mergers and acquisitions is debt and bankruptcy during recession (Cappell 2010). Organisation fall in BCG Dog category (Figure 4), i.e. Volvo, General Motors and Ssangyong are forced look for suitable partner to sustain its limited market share. A research carried out by Ostermann and Neal (2009) reveals that there were 25 automobile vendors are in the high debt and bankruptcy risk (Figure 5). Figure 5 25 Bankruptcy.jpg If a business unit no longer generate positive returns on investment for the organisation without massive investment, some organisation opt trade off the business unit and exit the industry (Lynch 2000). Ford Motor sold Volvo to China Geely at US$1.8 billion as part of Fords strategy of exiting European luxury lines to focus on Fords brand (Starbiz 2010). In the scramble to swap gas guzzlers for smaller vehicles thus reduction in use vehicle residual value forcing General Motors finance arm into huge losses on cars returned after leased (The Economist 2009). Ssangyong, formerly controlled by Chinas SAIC Motor Corporations was under bankruptcy protection in early 2009 due to cash shortage crisis to be acquired by Indian largest sport utility vehicles manufacturer, Mahindra (Bloomberg 2010). Mahindra gives Ssangyong financial supports, engineering and sourcing synergies (Bloomberg 2010). MA as a strategy to explore potential for product synergy To response to the zero COÂÂ ² emission, BMW, Daimler and General Motors formed an alliance in 2005 to develop hybrid vehicle technology. The ultimate solution to zero carbon dioxide emission is electric cars (Bernabo et. al. 2009). Nissan sees future trends towards electric car however electric cars design is highly challenging thus Nissan joint venture with NEC Tokin for synergy where NEC Tokin focuses on cell technology and electrode manufacturing so Nissan can concentrate in mass production (Taylor III 2010). Automobile organisations are focused on potential partners technological ability than cost savings achievement (Cappell 2010). PSA Peugeot produces diesel engines with Ford Motor (Financial Times n.d.). Ford Motor and Fiat share a manufacturing plant in Tychy, Poland to produce Ford smaller car, Ka and Fiat 500 (Financial Time n.d.). Daimler announced strategic partnership with Renault and Nissan to build small cars, engines and van together (Financial Times n.d.). In addition, as pressure on developed country manufacturers increases to reduce costs, they might look to China as sources of inexpensive manufacturing and might increasingly manufacture their cars in China and export them to developed countries (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010). General Motors, Ford and Chrysler are currently producing cars in China in joint ventures with Chinese manufacturers (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010). Many family-owned organisations i.e. PSA, BMW and Fiat are reviewing their portfolio and seeking restructuring alliances to lower cost in part purchase and spreading research and development cost however subject to Europe Union competition ruling (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2001). MA as means to access to new technologies and emerging markets Many organisations have responded to globalisation by looking at joint ventures with international partners when they needed to bridge a technology gap (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2001). A survey carried by KPMG in 2009 shows 85 percent of the automotive senior executives presumed new technologies is an influencing issue in global automotive industry (Chappell 2010). PSA Peugeot Citroen joint ventures with Toyota to produce small cars in the Czech Republic for achieve economies of scale (Financial Times n.d.). Chrysler builds minivans for Volkswagen in Winsor, Ontario since 2008 (Financial Times n.d.). Traditional automobile markets are still expanding but more importantly the emerging markets in China, India and Korea are expanding rapidly likely to enter the US automobile market (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010). Network level strategy plays an important role to uplift the competitive advantage to compete in automobile industry, especially Chinese automotive manufacturers who follow the footsteps of the Western, Japanese and South Korean car manufacturers. China automobile manufacturers will aggressively enter the US market by either exporting or by building their own production sites in the USA (Fetscherin and Toncar 2010). The implication of MA is to reduce threat while simultaneously capitalising on emerging market growth (Gill 2008). Acquisition of Ssangyong by Mahindra gives Mahindra an access to distribution networks of 1,300 dealers outside South Korea and Russia automotive market where previously Ssangyong exports vehicles (Bloomberg 2010). Conclusion Mergers and acquisitions had been widely practised in automotive industry due to the automotive manufacturing investment for new entry is huge and need years of experiences and expertise. Many joint ventures were found among automobile organisations aim to lower their production costs to make the selling price more competition; some merger strategy had achieved synergy in product design and development. In the turbulent economic environment, mergers and acquisitions give automobile organisations a quick fix and direct access to a growing market for more market share. Mergers and acquisitions are mainly creating value for mutual benefits to both parties. 4.0 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES The conventional business goal is maximising shareholders returns (Bonini et. al. 2006, Whittington 2001). However organisations are perceived as being socially responsible may create valuable market opportunities and increase more satisfied customers (Bonini et. al. 2006, Crane and Matten 2007). Davis (1973) stated that corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to organisations consideration on action that will accomplish environment social benefits and ethical responsibilities along with the financial gains which the organisation seeks (As cited in Hoffman 2007, Polonsky and Jevans 2009). CSR helps to improve employee engagement to strive for better management, declining in employee perceptions will leads to significant threats to engagement (Hall 2010). Organisations always have an implied contract to embraces a diverse range of stakeholders which may have different social interests (Bonini et. al. 2006, Polonsky and Jevons 2010). Organisations can opt to react, defence, accommodate and proactive towards CSR as part of global strategies. Being socially responsible important however organisations must make a conscious decision about the degree to which they then leverage their CSR activities, thus translating doing good into strategic benefit (Polonsky and Jevons 2009). The five global automobile organisations demonstrate adequate CSR initiatives to improve their brand standing in automobile industry (Appendix 2). The CSR actions had contributed both positive profits to Honda, Hyumdai, Toyota and Volkswagen, also a negative loss to Daimler even though Daimler pursing quite adequate CSR actions. Global automobile organisations are aiming to achieve the highest category of the CSR: Philanthropic responsibilities. The most common practices are social projects, donations and sponsorship (Hall 2010). CSR needs resources such as funds and employees participation. Organisations are facing dilemma to satisfy the stakeholders with different social interests (Polonsky and Jevons 2009). Some authors criticised that global automobile manufacturers who produce fuel guzzling SUVs for urban users at the same time promote fuel-efficient vehicles to public (Polonsky and Jevons 2009). CSR may not directly impact the organisations financial performance as revenue may be affected by other factors such as economic. However a significant observation from literature reviews that organisations are difficult to sustain or strengthen its market share standing if they are not socially responsible to the society, this may adversely affect their long term value, the brand, talent and relationship (Bonini et. al. 2006, Hall 2010, Piotrowski and Guyette 2010). WESTERN AND JAPANESE LEADERSHIP APPROACHES When automobile industry was leaded by Western countries, Western leadership by Frederick W. Taylor was widely applied in the automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Ford (Darmody 2007). His idea of leadership was planning and decision making lies on management level while production workers only participate in predetermined executions to ensure efficiency (Almashaqba and Al-Qeed 2010, Darmody 2007). Western leadership was emphasised on efficiency to maximize profits. In Western leadership, the role and responsibilities, authority and accountability, procedures and practices between management and workers are formalized to avoid the conflict in the relationship (Almashaqba and Al-Qeed 2010). Japanese leadership deliberately stresses decentralized management structure, praises the achievements of individuals and gives rewards to outstanding performance (De Wit and Meyer 2004). Autonomy similar to trust in eastern countries, decentralization and rewards can improve employees morale thus productivity. Japanese leadership introduces lean strategy and just-in-time production techniques to achieve production flexibility without increasing indirect labor costs (Shadur and Bamber 1994). These provide automobile organisation to deliver what is expected by customers in just-in-time (Chen et. al. 2010). A research done by Abbggelen and Stalk (1985) shows that the United States automotive plants required 250 percent human resources compared to the Japanese plant to make similar vehicle (Shadur and Bamber 1994). Just-in-time approach is dependent on the balance between the vendors flexibility and users flexibility (Slack et. al. 2007). Parker and Slaughter (1988) comments that lean production is a intensifies the pace of work as the production is operated in closing to the breaking point without supporting buffers, organisation may face severe difficulty when there is a material shortage (As cited in Shadur and Bamber 1994). Some analysts see lean production techniques as merely a subtle form of management control (Mehri 2006, Shadur and Bamber 1994). Japanese leadership focuses on waste reduction and value-adding activities, these focuses are short-term benefits thus Japanese leadership may ignore long-term competitive advantages (Chen et. al. 2010). A recent qualitative research had lifted Japanese leaderships veil as limited potential for creativity and innovation, narrow professional skills, worker isolation and harassment, dangerous conditions on the production line, accident cover-ups, excessive overtime, and poor quality of life for workers (Mehri 2006). The Japanese and western leadership are different in process. There are pros and cons between Western and Japanese leadership and not single ultimate solution for automobile organisations in different geographical area, the leadership application is subject to the culture of the workforce, labour union and availability of resources i.e. logistic, material and expertise. Shadur and Bamber (1994) points out General Motors plants in Australia faces challenge when they started lean production due to the culture different from the labour union and employees who used to work in a team than individual. Although several criticisms of lean production were discussed, however it is concluded that Japanese leadership can potentially contribute to a substantial improvement in automobile manufacturing competitiveness. CONCLUSION Business strategy is about creating sharper scope focus on a business unit contrast with corporate strategy which concerned an overall portfolio of several business units a whole. HMC had strengthened both product-related core competencies and process-related capability to strive for excellence in HMC establishment as a responsible organisation. Mergers and acquisitions are very important to global automotive organisations for reduce the risk in bankruptcy, achieve cost reduction and production effectiveness and explore potential for new product and gives instant access to new technologies. Cost and stakeholders value is crucial consideration when organisations decide on the investment in CSR action plans since the financial returns are not easily measured. This report concluded that there are more advantages than disadvantages for CSR as strategic tool in global strategies. Both Western and Japanese leadership was develop in the different industrial time therefore some of the leadership element many not be suitable to automobile organisations such as mass production in low turnover season. There is no single definite answer to the best combination of leadership as application is based on culture, geographical and strong commitment from vendors to avoid production breakdown. LIST OF REFERENCES Almashaqba, Z. M. S. and Al-Qeed, M. A. N. (2010). The Classical Theory of Organisation and its Relevance. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. Vol. 41. EuroJounals Publishing, Incorporated. Banks. T. (2010). Rescue remedies. Design Week. p.9. http://elib.segi.edu.my:2094/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=15sid=d7731cd4-b9d9-417c-b0d0-7caa46ceba42%40sessionmgr10 [Accessed on 31st August 2010]. 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Knowledge as a lens on the jigsaw puzzle of strategy. Management Decision. Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 539-563, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Mehri, D. (2006). The Dark Side of Lean: An Insiders Perspective on the Realities of the Toyota Production System. Academy of Management Perspective. May Issue. Pp. 21-42. http://elib.segi.edu.my:2094/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=13sid=ab47e1cd-5efe-4857-a9e6-8f822d7c0a9d%40sessionmgr14 [Accessed 27th August 2010]. Nguyen, D. K. and Slater, S. F. (2010). Hitting the sustainability sweet spot: having it all. Journal of Business Strategy. Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 5-11. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Nonaka, I. (2007). The Knowledge-creating Company. Harvard Business Review. July-August 2007. pp.162-171. Oh, J. and Rhee, S. K. (2010). Influences of vendor capabilities and collaboration in new car development on competitive advantage of carmakers. Management Decision. Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 756-774. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Piotrowski, C. and Guyette, R. W. (2010). Toyota Recall Crisis: Public Attitudes on Leadership and Ethics. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 89-97. Organisation Development Journal. Polonsky, M and Jevons, C. (2009). Global branding and strategic CSR: an overview of three types of complexity. International Marketing Review. Vol. 26, No.3, pp. 327-347. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ramarao, B. S. V. (2009). Factors Influencing the Purchasing Decisions of Motor Bike Consumers: A Comparative Study of Popular Brands. The Icfai University Press. http://elib.segi.edu.my:2094/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=17sid=08c9824b-9d7d-4607-ae5c-0b3cebde315d%40sessionmgr11. [Accessed on 31st August 2010]. Sandur, M. A. and Bamber, G. J. (1994). Towards Lean Management? International Transferability of Japanese Management Strategies to Australia. http://elib.segi.edu.my:2094/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=13sid=8d9ef09c-7c14-4886-9784-270458e8d5ae%40sessionmgr10 [Accessed on 31st August 2010]. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. (2007). Operations Management. (4th edn). Italy: Prentice Hall Financial Times. Starbiz. China okays Geelys Volvo Car unit buy. The Star. 30th July, p. B10. Taylor III, A. Here comes the electric Nissan. The Fortune Magazine. 1st March 2010, pp. 64-69. The Economist (2003). Rising above the sludge. The Economist. Source: http://www.economist.com/node/1682292. [Accessed 27th August 2010]. The Economist (2009). A giant falls. The Economist. Pp. 58-60. Thompson Jr. A. A., Strickland III, A. J. and Gamble, J. E. (2005). Crafting and Executing Strategy The Quest for Competitive Advantage Concepts and Cases. (14th edn). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Irwin Companies. Whittington, R. (2001). Wha

Colombia Vs. Morality :: essays research papers

Colombia is a country wrought with poverty, corruption, and violence. It has gained leader for its drug trafficking and scandalous dealing by the military. Five percent of Colombia, which is 1.9million people, 1.1 million that are children, has been disabled due to the fighting in a four decade old civil war. Colombia has endured vicious conflicts throughout its country in the past 36 years. It is considered to be one of the most violent places in the world, with a murder rate 8 times as much as the United States of America. Colombia is considered an undeveloped country in other words it is a poverty stricken place. Because Colombia is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions it is hard for the poverty stricken areas of Colombia to stay in one place. The corruption comes from the exporting to America. While most things exported to the united states from Colombia are oil, coffee, and fresh cut flowers. Illegally al the real money comes from drug trafficking off copious amounts of cocaine and heroin. In my opinion violence is the most shocking to me. Why should one feel the need to comply with treating a person with simple respect, with giving second thoughts to clubbing them in the head or shooting them point blank? And why do they feel the need to commit unnecessary violence? These human rights standards should be natural for people, not something they have to think twice about to obey it. It is a fact that Colombians are beaten, raped and shot to death by there own military everyday. In the past couple years; the human rights cases against violence amongst civilians have been dropped. Making this actually legal. It shocks me to hear of the violence that engulfs Colombia. With such crimes of miracle fishing (slang for kidnapping), 200 bombs in less then 15 years, everyday assaults, robberies, spiking with scorpions and a murder rate of 77.5 per 100,000 people. The fact that hundreds of police officers, judges, investigators, presidential candies and of course thousands of Colom bian citizens murdered with the attitude of â€Å"So it goes† shows that their nation has been badly damaged, psychologically as well as physically.

EAS p-Nitroacetanilide Essay

Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet. Pina col was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for  pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.

Expanding Circle - Definition and Examples

Expanding Circle s The expanding circle is made up of countries in which English has no special administrative status but is recognized as a lingua franca and is widely studied as a foreign language. Countries in the expanding circle include China, Denmark, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, and Sweden, among many others. According to linguist Diane Davies, recent research suggests that some countries in the Expanding Circle have . . . begun to develop distinctive ways of using English, with the result that the language has an increasingly important functional range in these countries and is also a marker of identity in some contexts (Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction, Routledge, 2013). The expanding circle is one of the three concentric circles of World English described by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). The labels inner, outer, and expanding circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional allocation of the English language in diverse cultural contexts. Although these labels are imprecise and in some ways misleading, many scholars would agree with Paul Bruthiaux that they offer a useful  shorthand  for classifying contexts of English world-wide   (Squaring the Circles in the International Journal of Applied Linguistics,  2003). Examples and Observations The spread of English in the Expanding Circle is largely a result of foreign language learning within the country. As in the Outer Circle, the range of proficiency in the language among the population is broad, with some having native-like fluency and others having only minimal familiarity with English. However, in the Expanding Circle, unlike the Outer Circle, there is no local model of English since the language does not have official status and, in Kachrus (1992) terms, has not become institutionalized with locally developed standards of use.(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2002)Expanding Circle English and Lingua Franca English- Despite the all-pervasive use of English throughout what many like to term the international community and despite countless anecdotes about emerging varieties such as Euro-English, professional linguists have so far shown only limited interest in describing lingua franca English as a legitimate language variety. The received wisdom seems to be that only when English is a majority first language or an official additional language does it warrant description. . . . Expanding Circle English is not deemed worthy of such attention: users of English who have learned the language as a foreign language are expected to conform to Inner Circle norms, even if using English constitutes an important part of their lived experience and personal identity. No right to rotten English for them, then. Quite the contrary: for Expanding Circle consumption, the main effort remains, as it has always been, to describe English as it is used among the British and American native speakers and then to distribute (Widdowson 1997: 139) the resulting descriptions to those who speak English in nonnative contexts around the world.(Barbara Seidlhofer and Jennifer Jenkins, English as a Lingua Franca and the Politics of Property. The Politics of English as a World Language, ed. by Christian Mair. Rodopi, 2003)- I argue . . . that a lingua franca model is the most sensible model in those common and varied contexts where the learners major reason for [studying] English is to communicate with other non-native speakers. . . . [U]ntil we are able to provide teachers and learners with adequate descriptions of lingua franca models, teachers and learners will have to continue to rely on either native-speaker or nativized models. We have seen how a native-speaker model, while appropriate for a minority of teachers and learners, is inappropriate for the majority for a range of linguistic, cultural and political reasons. A nativized model may be appropriate in Outer and in certain Expanding Circle countries, but this model also carries the disadvantage of cultural inappropriacy when learners require English as a lingua franca to communicate with other non-native speakers.(Andy Kirkpatrick, Which Model of English: Native-Speaker, Nativized, or Lingua Franca? English i n the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, ed. by Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. Continuum, 2006) Also Known As: extending circle

What Is Point of View First, Second, and Third Person

What Is Point of View First, Second, and Third Person SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to prepare for the AP Literature exam is to learn about different literary devices and how you can use them to analyze everything from poetry to novels. Not only will this help you on the multiple choice section of the test, it’s critical for earning perfect scores on your essays, too! Today, we’re going to take a closer look at one specific device: point of view. First, we’ll give you the point of view definition, then we’ll explain how the work’s narrator affects its point of view. Then we’ll explain the four types of point of view and provide examples and analysis for each one. By the end of this article, you’ll be a point of view expert! So let’s get started. Point of View: Definition and Meaning In literature and poetry, point of view is defined as the perspective from which a story is told. Put another way, a story’s point of view is a way to articulate and analyze the position of the narrator in relation to the story they’re telling. Is the narrator a participant in the story they’re telling? Or are they describing events that happened to someone else? Both of these perspectives are different types of point of view (which we’ll talk about in a lot more depth later in this article, so hang tight)! So how do you figure out the point of view in a text? In order to find the point of view of a story, you first have to identify whose perspective the story is told from. That’s because the perspective of the story determines a piece of literature’s point of view! That means that in order to establish a text’s point of view, you have to figure out the narrator of the text first. What Is a Narrator? Okay...so obviously figuring out the narrator of a piece of literature is important. But what’s a narrator, exactly? No matter what type of text you’re reading- whether it’s a newspaper article, a textbook, a poem, or a best-selling novel- someone is communicating the story to the reader. In literary terms, we call that someone the text’s narrator. In other words, the narrator of a piece of literature is the person telling the story. And you know what’s even more helpful than that? Almost all written texts- whether they’re fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or otherwise- have a narrator. And since a narrator and point of view go hand in hand, that means that almost all texts have a point of view, too! Finding the Narrator So how do you figure out the narrator of a text? Sometimes the narrator of a text is pretty easy to determine. For example, for a newspaper article, the narrator of the story is obviously the reporter who’s written the piece to report the facts. They’re the person who followed the story’s trail, and now they’re sharing the story with you! Another good example of an â€Å"easy to find† comes from Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. The very first sentence of the book reads, â€Å"Call me Ishmael.† Because that’s a line in the text rather than a piece of dialogue that uses quotation marks, you know it’s the narrator speaking to the audience. In other words, the narrator of Moby Dick identifies himself and tells you his name in the very first line of the book! But figuring out the narrator of the text isn’t always that easy. For example, the Harry Potter books by J.K Rowling don’t have an easily identifiable narrator. Neither do some classic works, like The Giver by Lois Lowry or Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. What do you do in those situations? Well, just hang tight: we’ll walk you through how point of view can help you figure out the narrator in these tricky situations! Narrator vs. Point of View: What’s the Difference? Before we start really digging into point of view, it’s worth pausing a minute to talk about the differences between point of view and narration. Because narration and point of view are closely linked, it’s tempting to think of them as interchangeable terms. But the narrator of a text and the point of view of a text are two different things. The narrator is who is telling the story. In contrast, a text’s point of view is the perspective the story is being told from. If you think of the narrator as a person, their point of view is the angle they’re taking on the story. Think of it this way: in literature, point of view and narrators go together like...well, like thunder and lightning. You can’t have one without the other, but they’re definitely not the same thing. The 4 Types of Point of View Okay, let’s look more closely at the four different types of point of view found in literature. In the following sections, we’ll explain each type of point of view, give you tips for figuring out if something is written in that perspective, and then walk you through a real-life example of that point of view in literature. In first person point of view, you seethe story through the narrator's eyes First Person Point of View In first person point of view, the story is told from the narrator’s perspective. This allows the narrator to give readers their first-hand experience, including what they saw, felt, thought, heard, said, and did. Think of it kind of like The Blair Witch Project: in first person point of view, it’s like the narrator is wearing a GoPro camera strapped to their forehead. The reader sees exactly what the narrator sees and gets their singular perspective on the events that unfold. In other words, a first person point of view makes the narrator the eyewitness to the plot of the story. Using a first person point of view allows an author to dive much more deeply into the narrator’s character, since the reader gets to hear the narrator’s inner thoughts and experience the narrator’s emotions. Additionally, it makes the narrator the main character, or protagonist, of the story. If something is written in first person, it’s a pretty big indicator that the narrator is going to play a pivotal role in communicating the text’s messages or themes. But there are also some pretty major limitations to a first person point of view, too. Just like real life, readers won’t be able to get the thoughts and feelings of other characters in the novel. Also, the narrator’s observations might be skewed depending on how they feel about other people. Because of that, first person narrators can be unreliable, meaning that their perspective skews the accuracy of the story they’re telling. That means it's up to the reader to determine whether they believe the narrator is being truthful or not. Tips for Identifying First Person Point of View In many ways, a first person point of view is one of the easiest to pick out because it uses first person pronouns, like I, we, me, my, our, and us. If the book is written using these terms, then you can pretty much guarantee that the author is using first person! Keep in mind that not all first person narrators are the book’s main character, like Moby Dick’s Ishmael or The Hunger Games’ Katniss Everdeen. That’s because first person narrators aren’t always the main characters in the work. Take, for instance, the Sherlock Holmes stories, where Dr. John Watson is the narrator. While he’s an important character in the story, he’s definitely not the main characterSherlock Holmes is! Additionally, sometimes first person narrators are anonymous, like third person narrators often are. (Don’t worry: we’ll get into third person narration in just a minute.) That’s why it’s best to look for pronouns when trying to figure out a work’s point of view! If you’re trying to find the narrator’s name, it might not always be there. A good example of this is Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130,† where the narrator is describing the woman he loves. The narrator of the poem is never named, but because he uses pronouns like â€Å"I† and â€Å"my,† you know it’s written in first person. Example of First Person Point of View: Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 29† Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in first person, and â€Å"Sonnet 29† is no different. Let’s look at the full poem and see why it qualifies as being written in first person: When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone beweep my outcast state,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,And look upon myself and curse my fate,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,Featured like him, like him with friends possessed,Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope,With what I most enjoy contented least;Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,Haply I think on thee, and then my state,(Like to the lark at break of day arisingFrom sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate; For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings. Remember, we can tell that something’s written in first person if it uses first person pronouns outside of dialogue. Since there’s no dialogue in this poem at all, we can look at the entire text to find evidence of the first person point of view. Notice that the narrator (or speaker, as the narrator is often referred to in poetry) uses words like â€Å"I,† â€Å"me,† and â€Å"myself† throughout the poem. This is a clear indicator that this poem is written in a first person point of view! Actually, â€Å"Sonnet 29† is a good example of something written in first person where the narrator isn’t named. But we can still learn quite a bit about them through the poem itself! For example, we learn that he’s an outcast (line 2) who is unhappy with his current status (line 4). Despite his all-encompassing misery (line 9), when he thinks upon his love, his spirits are lifted (lines 10, 11, and 12). As we start piecing the evidence together, we begin to get a clearer picture of who the narrator of the poem is, and the power love has to lift us out of even the bleakest circumstance. Other Works Written in First Person Point of View First person is a really popular writing technique, so it’s no surprise that there are tons of books written in this point of view! Here are a few other poems, books, and book series that you might be familiar with that use first person point of view: Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† Suzanne Collins’ The Hunger Games book series Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories Second person point of view uses pronouns like "you" and "your" to tell the story. Second Person Point of View In second person point of view, the story is told from the perspective of another character. Sometimes this character is another person in the book, but it can also be the reader themselves! More importantly, when a writer uses second person, they want readers to connect emotionally with the topic they’re writing about! Here’s an example of what we mean. Say you’re reading an article about the amount of plastic pollution in the ocean. If the writer wants to pull on your heartstrings and make you take the issue they’re writing about seriously, they might use a second person point of view and write something like this: â€Å"Imagine you’re on the vacation of your dreams sailing across the Caribbean. You can’t wait to get out into the open water, where everything will be calm, peaceful, and gorgeous. You take a nap as the captain sets sail, and when you return to the deck, you’re shocked by what you see. Instead of a vast expanse of sparkling blue water, you see a huge, bobbing mound of trash. Fast food containers, plastic bags, and discarded water bottles bob along the surface as far as you can see. It looks like you’re sailing through a garbage dump, and you feel equal parts disgust and despair.† Using the second person point of view in a passage puts the reader into the story- in this case, it’s a story about pollution. Second person makes the reader feel like they’re making every move...from the joy of going on vacation, to the shock of seeing so much plastic in the water, to the â€Å"disgust and despair† of realizing what pollution is doing to the sea. Suddenly, the reader becomes more invested in what the author has to say about the problem, since the second person point of view makes them feel like they’ve experienced it first-hand! While it’s very rare to find a text that’s written completely in second person, many authors will switch to this perspective when they want readers to feel connected to the topic they’re writing about. Tips for Identifying Second Person Point of View Like first person point of view, it’s pretty easy to spot the second person point of view...when you know what you’re looking for, that is. When something is written in second person, the writer uses second person pronouns (like â€Å"you,† â€Å"yourself,† and â€Å"your†) in the text that falls outside of dialogue, too. Like we just mentioned, it’s pretty rare to find a whole text that’s written this way. More than likely, you’ll find a few paragraphs written in second person, rather than an entire work. The one exception to this rule is the classic Choose Your Own Adventure book! You probably remember these from when you were a kid: each book had a topic, and at the bottom of each page, you were given decisions to make. Depending on what you chose, you’d flip to a different page in the book, and your decisions would affect the story! Example of Second Person Point of View: Bright Lights, Big City by Jay McInerny Jay McInerny uses second person to open his book, Bright Lights, Big City, which tells the story of life in the fast lane in 1980s New York. Let’s look at the first paragraph to see the second person point of view in action: You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. How did you get here? It was your friend Tad Allagash. Your brain is rushing with Brazilian marching powder. You are talking to a girl with a shaved head. You want to meet the kind of girl who isn't going to be here. You want to read the kind of fiction this isn't. You give the girl some powder. She still doesn't want you. Things were fine once. Then you got married. Notice that all the pronouns in this section are either â€Å"you† or â€Å"your,† which is a clear indicator that this is written in second person! It’s also a good example of how using second person can immediately pull someone into a narrative by making the reader and the main character one in the same. In this case, McInerny is creating a whole backstory for your character- from giving you friends like Tad to hinting at your dysfunctional marriage. Other Works Written in Second Person Point of View Second person is probably the rarest of the points of view. Usually writers will use second person in sections of their work to emphasize a point, rather than throughout their entire work. Here are some pieces of literature that use a second person point of view (at least in part): Langston Hughes’ â€Å"Hard Luck† Italo Calvino’s If On A Winter’s Night A Traveller Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric Emma Campbell Webster’s Lost in Austen: Create Your Own Jane Austen Adventure In third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is god-like and tells the reader everything! Third Person Omniscient Point of View The third type of perspective you can find in literature is a third person omniscient point of view. In third person omniscient, the narrator uses third person pronouns like â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† â€Å"they,† and â€Å"their† to refer to all the characters in the work. As a result, the narrator removes themselves as a critical character in the work (unlike the narrators that use a first or second person point of view). Additionally, because this is a third person omniscient perspective, the narrator is given god-like qualities over the story. (Merriam-Webster defines an â€Å"omniscient† person as someone who has â€Å"universal or complete knowledge†!) That means the narrator can dive into any character’s head and share their thoughts and emotions with the reader. Additionally, the narrator can move around in time and place to show the reader events that the characters themselves may not be aware of! That includes jumping around from location to location, or even moving backward and forward in time. Using a third person omniscient narrator lets an author show the reader the whole gameboard, so to speak. There’s no real limit to what a narrator can show the readers! Consequently, it allows the author to build a robust world full of well-developed characters, since the author no longer has to contend with the single-character limits of a first or second person point of view. It’s also a particularly useful technique in works with large casts of characters, since the narrator can introduce the reader to each character more quickly- and with more detail- than other points of view would allow! Example of Third Person Omniscient Point of View: Middlemarch by George Eliot The narrator of George Eliot’s Victorian novel, Middlemarch, is an excellent example of how a third person omniscient narrator can give readers a comprehensive view of a text. Let’s take a look at the book’s opening paragraph to see this type of point of view in action: Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into relief by poor dress. Her hand and wrist were so finely formed that she could wear sleeves not less bare of style than those in which the Blessed Virgin appeared to Italian painters; and her profile as well as her stature and bearing seemed to gain the more dignity from her plain garments, which by the side of provincial fashion gave her the impressiveness of a fine quotation from the Bible,- or from one of our elder poets,- in a paragraph of to-day's newspaper. She was usually spoken of as being remarkably clever, but with the addition that her sister Celia had more common-sense. Nevertheless, Celia wore scarcely more trimmings; and it was only to close observers that her dress differed from her sister's, and had a shade of coquetry in its arrangements; for Miss Brooke's plain dressing was due to mixed conditions, in most of which her sister shared. The pride of being ladies had something to do with it: the Brooke con nections, though not exactly aristocratic, were unquestionably "good:" if you inquired backward for a generation or two, you would not find any yard-measuring or parcel-tying forefathers- anything lower than an admiral or a clergyman; and there was even an ancestor discernible as a Puritan gentleman who served under Cromwell, but afterwards conformed, and managed to come out of all political troubles as the proprietor of a respectable family estate. Young women of such birth, living in a quiet country-house, and attending a village church hardly larger than a parlor, naturally regarded frippery as the ambition of a huckster's daughter. Remember: omniscient narrators are god-like in that they can give you more information than a single character could provide from their limited perspective. In this case, Eliot’s omniscient narrator gives us tons of information about Miss Brooke. We know that she’s beautiful but not financially well off ( the narrator calls this living in â€Å"mixed conditions†), which is reflected in her â€Å"plain garments.† Regardless, Miss Brooke is also â€Å"remarkably clever.† Beyond that, the narrator tells us about Miss Brooke’s family by looking into her past- which is easy given that the narrator is omniscient! We learn that she and her sister, Celia, aren’t aristocratic, but they come from a good family that includes admirals, clergymen, and politicians. This helps Eliot develop characters and situations quickly, which is important in a book with a large cast of characters like Middlemarch. Other Works Written in Third Person Omniscient Point of View Third person omniscient is a common point of view, especially in longer texts. Here are some examples of other works that feature an omniscient point of view: Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? In third person limited point of view, it's as if the narrator is standing behind one character's shoulder. Third Person Limited Point of View The last point of view an author can use is the third person limited point of view. Just like the omniscient perspective we talked about earlier, texts written in a third person limited point of view use third person pronouns to discuss characters outside of dialogue. The difference between the two is in how much information the narrator shares with the reader.With a third person limited perspective, the narrator is limited to giving you the perspective of a single character. The narrator can peek inside the character’s head to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, similar to a first person point of view. Unlike first person, however, a narrator using a third person limited point of view can also zoom out to give readers a better understanding of how the character they’re following fits into the text’s plot, setting, or situation!Here’s an easy way of understanding the difference between a first person, third person omniscient, and a third perso n limited point of view. Think of the narrator as a person holding a camera. You, as the reader, get to see everything the camera sees. With first person point of view, it’s like the character has had the camera implanted in their brain. You can see whatever the character looks at and nothing more.With a third person limited point of view, on the other hand, it’s like the narrator is standing behind one character and filming over his shoulder. Not only can you get a sense of what the character is seeing, the narrator can also step back a little bit to show readers what’s going on around the character...as long as the character stays in the frame. Third person omniscient is the most comprehensive view. It’s as if the narrator is filming from the rafters of the building. They can zoom out to show everyone for a global perspective, or they can zoom in on different events to give you a better idea of what’s happening in specific situations.So why would a writer use a third person limited point of view? Well, it’s great for situations where knowing every single detail of a story would spoil the plot. Mystery novels, for instance, often use third person limited point of view. It allows the narrator to give you the detective’s thoughts and feelings while not spoiling the whodunit! It also allows the writer to focus on developing a single character while giving readers a better view of what’s going on around that character. Example of Third Person Limited Point of View: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. RowlingLike we mentioned earlier, all texts have a point of view...which means that the Harry Potter stories do, too! Let’s look at a passage from Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone to get a better idea of how a third person limited point of view works. In this scene, Harry and his friends, Hermione and Ron, are looking through the library to learn more about the sorcerer’s stone: Hermione took out a list of subjects and titles she had decided to search while Ron strode off down a row of books and started pulling them off the shelves at random. Harry wandered over to the Restricted Section. He had been wondering for a while if Flamel wasn’t somewhere in there. Unfortunately, you needed a specially signed note from one of the teachers to look in any of the restricted books, and he knew he’d never get one. These were the books containing powerful Dark Magic never taught at Hogwarts, and only read by older students studying advanced Defense Against the Dark Arts. It’s clear that this passage is written in third person: the narrator uses pronouns like â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† and â€Å"them,† instead of first person pronouns like â€Å"I† or second person pronouns like â€Å"you.† But how do we know it’s third person limited? Well, we get Harry’s thoughts and feelings- like his curiosity about Nicholas Flamel- but no one else’s. We don’t know what Hermione and Ron are reading, or if they’re excited, nervous, or scared.Rowling wrote all seven Harry Potter books using a third person limited point of view that made Harry the focal point. The narrator can tell us what Harry’s thinking, feeling, and seeing- as well as zoom out to tell us more about the precarious situations he finds himself in. But because the narrator is tied to Harry, they can’t give us a glimpse into other characters’ minds, nor can it show readers what’s happening in other par ts of Hogwarts (where Harry isn’t). That helps readers get to know Harry, even as it helps Rowling maintain the mystery around the sorcerer’s stone (or the chamber of secrets, or the half-blood prince, etc.). Other Works Written in Third Person Limited Point of ViewThe third person limited point of view is a popular perspective for writers to use, so there’s no shortage of examples! Here are a few works you might be familiar with that feature a third person limited point of view: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"Christabel† Eudora Welty’s The Golden Apples Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Madeleine L’Engle’s A Wrinkle In Time What’s Next? If you’re studying for the AP Literature exam, you’ll need to know about more literary devices than point of view. Why not check out our other comprehensive guides, like this one on personification? The more familiar you are with literary terms, what they mean, and how to use them, the better your test score will be! Did you know that there are two English AP tests? One is the literature exam, which focuses on literary analysis and comprehension. The second test is the language exam, which tests your ability to understand argument and write persuasively. Click here to learn more about the AP Language exam, how it differs from the literature exam, and what you need to do to knock it out of the park! After you learn the fundamentals, the best way to prepare for an AP exam is to take practice tests. Check out this article on how to find the best AP practice exams, and learn how to use them to boost your score!

Demography and Health Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demography and Health - Scholarship Essay Example Only a few differences exist where white non Hispanic groups has suicide as one of the top ten causes of death, and another difference is that Homicide and legal intervention is not a top ten cause of death among the white non Hispanic. .. erences exist where white non Hispanic groups has suicide as one of the top ten causes of death, and another difference is that Homicide and legal intervention is not a top ten cause of death among the white non Hispanic. Question 5: In which Hispanic subgroup is the neonatal mortality risk the highest Hispanic subgroups include Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans, the subgroup with the highest neonatal mortality risk is the Puerto Ricans group with a total high of 7.9. Answer: Puerto Ricans Question 6: In which group is the post-neonatal mortality risk the highest: The group with the highest post neonatal mortality risk is the blacks, the blacks have a total high of 6.3, while the Cubans have the lowest post neonatal mortality risk which is 2.0. Answer: blacks Reference: US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol 43, No.

Cause and effect essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause and effect - Essay Example As a result, ocean waves travels out from the epicenter of the earthquake which rushes landward to the shorelines where the water was recently lowered. The huge ocean wave that strikes the shorelines causes flooding, destruction and disease. Tsunamis cannot be prevented despite its destructive nature. The first effect of the huge ocean waves caused by the tsunami is excessive flooding. The flooding caused by tsunami will literally submerge everything on its path. Tsunamis cause flooding due to the sheer volume of water carried by its massive ocean waves. The ocean waves that go to the lowered shorelines are so huge that it could tower as tall as 1720 feet just like when it struck at Lituya Bay in Alaska in 1958. This huge amount of water brought by the tsunami immediately floods the nearby inlands where the waters were temporarily lowered and subsequently submerges everything on its path. The flooding could submerge an entire community depending on the size of the ocean waves that st ruck the shoreline. The stronger the ocean floor movement and the nearer the shoreline to the epicenter, the larger the ocean waves are causing excessive flooding. The second effect of a tsunami is the deadly push of the ocean wave that will destroy everything on its path. ... The massive waves that characterize tsunamis can be a â€Å"wave train† or a series of powerful waves that would race toward shorelines making its destructive nature exponential by the multiples of its waves (www. Geology.com). Its strength can literally wipe out a community on the shoreline that will strike. This includes human beings, animals, trees and even structures. A strong tsunami is so destructive that it can even damage structures that are designed to withstand strong waves. The third effect of tsunami is disease. After the water of the tsunami has ebbed, it will leave rotting bodies of living things it drowned and plenty of contaminated water that could potentially precipitate an epidemic in the affected area. The diseases that the tsunami aftermath will range from skin diseases to more lethal diseases such as malaria that could potentially make the entire community sick if the disease is not attended. Tsunamis are indeed very powerful forces of nature that is very destructive and frightening. Its aftermath can leave diseases to the community it affected that could potentially make everyone sick. Also, the amount of energy accumulated in the bottom of the ocean that drive the waves of tsunamis are so powerful it can destroy anything that stands on its path. The power of its waves is terrifying because it can kill people and other living things in multitudes. Not even strong structures can withstand the power of a tsunami because it can destroy such structures like as the case of Fukushima plant that was supposed to be protected by a tsunami wall. The huge waves and massive amount of water wrought by a tsunami could flood the communities near the shoreline of its epicenter that could